ISHS
   Fruits
     
Fruits
Home

Submit
an article

Subscriptions

ISHS Home

ISHS Contact

Search

Fruits
   Fruits 73 (4) 218-227 | DOI: 10.17660/th2018/73.4.3
ISSN 0248-1294 print and 1625-967X online | © ISHS 2018 | Fruits, The International Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Horticulture | Original article
Seasonal abundance of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mango orchard and its relation with biotic and abiotic factors in Manica Province, Mozambique

L.D. Bota1,a, B.G. Fabião1, M. Virgilio2, M. Mwatawala3, L. Canhanga4, D.R. Cugala4 and M. De Meyer2
1National Fruit Fly Laboratory, Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Food Security, Chimoio, Pigivite Road nr. 678, P.O. Box 42, Manica Province, Mozambique
2Royal Museum for Central Africa, Invertebrates Section & JEMU, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium
3Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Morogoro, Tanzania
4 Faculty of Agronomy and Forest Engineering, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique

SUMMARY
Introduction – Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a fruit species with high potential for reduction of hunger and poverty in Mozambique. However, the production of this crop is currently threatened by various fruit fly species, including Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Ceratitis cosyra (Walker). Their occurrence in Mozambique needed to be assessed. Materials and methods – Fruit flies (B. dorsalis and C. cosyra) were monitored over two consecutive mango cropping seasons from September 2014 to August 2016 on 10 ha of a commercial mango orchard in Vandúzi district, Mozambique. Trapping activities were conducted using Chempac Bucket traps baited with food attractant (torula yeast). Temperature data and host phenology data were recorded at the orchard, while rainfall data were obtained from a meteorological station located 10 km away. Results and discussion – Fruit fly populations were present in the orchard over the entire trapping period (for B. dorsalis); or absent at some periods during vegetative stages of the mango (for C. cosyra). For both cropping seasons, the population of B. dorsalis peaked in January. For C. cosyra, the peak was observed in January of the first cropping season, while it was observed in November of the second season. The population of both species varied between the seasons, but in general B. dorsalis was more abundant than C. cosyra (average relative abundance index RAI = 0.814). The B. dorsalis population density had a positive relationship with minimum temperatures and mango phenology stages and a negative relationship with average temperatures, while the population of C. cosyra had a positive relationship with minimum temperatures. Conclusion – The populations of B. dorsalis and C. cosyra in Mozambique fluctuated throughout the cropping year, B. dorsalis was more abundant than C. cosyra with some periods of exclusive presence. This fluctuation seems well-related to biotic and abiotic factors.

Résumé
Abondance saisonnière des mouches des fruits (Diptera: Tephritidae) et relations avec les facteurs biotiques et abiotiques en verger de manguiers dans la province de Manica au Mozambique.
Introduction – Le manguier (Mangifera indica L.) est une espèce fruitière ayant un fort potentiel de réduction de la faim et de la pauvreté au Mozambique. Cependant, la production de mangues est actuellement menacée par diverses espèces de mouches des fruits, dont Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) et Ceratitis cosyra (Walker). Leur apparition au Mozambique doit être évaluée. Matériels et méthodes – Les populations de mouches des fruits (B. dorsalis et C. cosyra) ont été suivies pendant deux saisons de culture consécutives de septembre 2014 à août 2016, dans un verger de 10 ha de manguiers commerciaux dans le district Vandúzi, au Mozambique. Les activités de piégeage ont été menées à l’aide de pièges Chempac Bucket avec un attractif alimentaire (levure de torula). Les données de températures et les données phénologiques de l’hôte ont été enregistrées au verger, tandis que les données de précipitations ont été obtenues à partir d’une station météorologique située à 10 km. Résultats et discussion – Les mouches des fruits étaient présentes dans le verger pendant toute la période de piégeage (cas de B. dorsalis); ou absentes à certaines périodes pendant les étapes végétatives du manguier (cas de C. cosyra). Sur les deux saisons de culture, la population de B. dorsalis a atteint un sommet en janvier. Pour C. cosyra, le pic de population a été observé en janvier de la première saison de culture, alors qu’il a été observé en novembre de la deuxième saison. Les populations de chaque espèce ont présenté des variations selon les saisons, mais en général, B. dorsalis a été plus abondante que C. cosyra (indice d’abondance relative moyenne RAI = 0,814). La densité de population de B. dorsalis est en corrélation positive avec les stades phénologiques de la mangue et la température minimale, et en corrélation négative avec la température moyenne, tandis que la population de C. cosyra est en corrélation positive avec la température minimale au verger. Conclusion – Les populations de B. dorsalis et de C. cosyra au Mozambique ont fluctué tout au long de l’année de culture, B. dorsalis était plus abondante que C. cosyra avec quelques périodes de présence exclusive. Cette fluctuation semble liée à des facteurs biotiques et abiotiques.

Keywords Mozambique, mango, Mangifera indica, Bactrocera dorsalis, Ceratitis cosyra, population dynamics

Mots clés Mozambique, manguier, Mangifera indica, Bactrocera dorsalis, Ceratitis cosyra, dynamique des populations

Significance of this study

What is already known on this subject?

  • Bactrocera dorsalis is an invasive species of fruit fly in Africa and the most important, attacking a large number of hosts including mango.
    Ceratitis cosyra is a native species with mango as one of the most important hosts.
    After invasion, B. dorsalis is displacing C. cosyra in many East and West African countries.
What are the new findings?
  • Bactrocera dorsalis still coexists with Ceratitis cosyra in Mozambique after its invasion, but more abundant than the native species.
    Both populations fluctuate throughout the year, related to biotic and abiotic factors.
What is the expected impact on horticulture?
  • Understanding the relationship between population fluctuations and biotic and abiotic factors will allow anticipating the build-up of pest populations; and
    It can assist the growers in predicting population growth and taking precautionary measures.

Download fulltext version How to cite this article       Export citation to RIS format      

E-mail: luisbota@yahoo.com.br  

References

  • Agarwal, M.L., and Kumar, P. (1999). Effect of weather parameters on population dynamics of peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders). Entomon 24, 81–84.

  • Aluja, M., Celedonio, H., Liedo, P., Cabrera, M., Castillo, F., Guillém, J., and Rios, E. (1996). Seasonal population fluctuations and ecological implications for management of Anastrepha fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in commercial mango orchards in southern Mexico. J. Econ. Entomol. 89, 654–667. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/89.3.654.

  • Baker, A.C., Stone, W.E., Plummer, C.C., and McPhail, M. (1944). A review of studies on the Mexican fruit fly and related Mexican species. U.S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 531, 155 pp.

  • Bota, L.D. (2016). Avaliação da dinâmica populacional e infestação da manga por moscas da fruta. M.Sc. Thesis (Mozambique: Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Imprensa Universitária), 111 pp.

  • Chen, P., Ye, H., and Liu, J. (2006). Population dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera Tephritidae) and analysis of the factors influencing the population in Ruili, Yunna Province, China. Acta Ecol. Sin. 26, 2801–2808. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2032(06)60044-9.

  • Coledonio-Hurtado, H., Aluja, M., and Liedo, P. (1995). Adult population of Anastrepha species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in tropical orchard habitats of Chiapas, Mexico. Entomol. Soc. Am. 24, 861–869.

  • Correia, A.R.I., Rego, J.M., and Olmi, M. (2008). A pest of significant economic importance detected for the first time in Mozambique: Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae). Boll. Zool. Agr. Bachicolt.,Serie II 40(1), 9–13.

  • Corsato, C.D.A. (2004). Moscas das frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) em pomares de goiaba no norte de Minas Gerais: biodiversidade, parasitóides e controle biológico. M.Sc. Thesis (Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil: Universidade de São Paulo), 83 pp.

  • Cugala, D.R. (2011). Management and mitigation measures for alien invasive fruit fly (Bactrocera invadens) in Mozambique. Terminal Statement prepared for the Government of Mozambique and the Department of Plant Protection (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]).

  • Diatta, P., Rey, J.Y., Vayssieres, J.F., Diarra, K., Coly, E.V., Lechaudel, M., and Ndiaye, O. (2013). Fruit phenology of citruses, mangoes and papayas influences egg-laying preferences of Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae). Fruits 68(6), 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2013093.

  • Ekesi, S., Billah, M.K., Nderitu, P.W., Lux, S., and Rwomushana, I. (2009). Evidence for competitive displacement of Ceratitis cosyra by the invasive fruit fly Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mango and mechanisms contributing to the displacement. J. Econ. Entomol. 102(3), 981–991. https://doi.org/10.1603/029.102.0317.

  • Ekesi, S., Mohamed, S.A., and De Meyer, M., eds. (2016). Fruit Fly Research and Development in Africa – Towards a Sustainable Management Strategy to Improve Horticulture (Springer), 777 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43226-7.

  • FAOSTAT (2015). FAO Statistics Division (accessed December 5, 2015). http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.

  • Goergen, G., Vayssières, J.F., Gnanvossou, D., and Tindo, M. (2011). Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae), a new invasive fruit fly pest for the Afrotropical region: host plant range and distribution in West and Central Africa. Envir. Entomol. 40(4), 844–854. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN11017.

  • IAEA (2013). Trapping guidelines for area-wide fruit fly programmes. (Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. Insect Pest Control Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture), TG/FFP-2013.

    José, L., Cugala, D., and Santos, L. (2013). Assessment of invasive fruit fly fruit infestation and damage in Cabo Delgado province, northern Mozambique. African Crop Sci. J. 21(1), 21–28.

  • Leweniqila, L., Heimoana, V., Purea, M., Munro, L., Allwood, A.J., Ralulu, L., and Tora Vueti, E. (1997). Seasonal abundances of Bactrocera facialis (Coquillet), B. passiflorae (Froggatt), B. xanthodes (Broun), B. melanotus (Coquillet) in orchard and forest habitats. In Management of Fruit Flies in the Pacific, A.J. Allwood, and R.A.I. Drew, eds. (Canberra: ACIAR), p. 121–124.

  • Litz, R.E. (1997). The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses. (Cambridge, United Kingdom: CAB International).

  • MAE (2005). Perfil do Distrito de Manica. http://www.ine.gov.mz/documentos/outros-documentos/perfil-do-distrito-de-manica-manica.pdf/view.

  • Majacunene, A.P. (2014). Avaliação do impacto da estratégia de maneio integrado na população da mosca invasiva da fruta, Bactrocera invadens, na província de Manica. M.Sc. Thesis (Mozambique: Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Imprensa Universitária), 88 pp.

  • Malavasi, A., and Morgante, J.S. (1980). Biologia de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae). II: índices de infestação em diferentes hospedeiros e localidades. Rev. Bras. Biol. 40(1), 17–24.

  • Manrakhan, A., Daneel, J.-H., Beck, R., Virgilio, M., Meganck, K., and De Meyer, M. (2017). Efficacy of trapping systems for monitoring of Afrotropical fruit flies. J. Appl. Entomol. 141(10), 825–840 https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.12373.

  • Mayamba, A., Nankinga, C.K., Isabirye, B., and Akol, A.M. (2014). Seasonal population fluctuations of Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in relation to mango phenology in the Lake Victoria Crescent, Uganda. Fruits 69, 473–480. https://doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2014033.

  • Mwatawala, M.W., De Meyer, M., Makundi, R.H., and Maerere, A.P. (2006). Seasonality and host utilization of the invasive fruit fly, Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in central Tanzania. J. Appl. Entomol. 130(9–10), 530–537. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2006.01099.x.

  • Mwatawala, M., De Meyer, M., Makundi, R.H., and Maerere, A.P. (2009a). An overview of Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) invasions and their speculated dominancy over native fruit fly species in Tanzania. J.Entomol. 6, 18–27. https://doi.org/10.3923/je.2009.18.27.

  • Mwatawala, M.W., De Meyer, M., Makundi, R.H., and Maerere, A.P. (2009b). Host range and distribution of fruit-infesting pestiferous fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in selected areas of Central Tanzania. Bull. Entomol. Res. 99(6), 629–641. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485309006695.

  • Nene, W.A., Rwegasira, G.M., and Mwatawala, M.W. (2016). Temporal abundance of African weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) under unimodal rainfall pattern in Tanzania. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 26(4), 539–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2015.1133806.

  • Pedigo, L.P. (1996). Entomology and Pest Management, 2nd edn. (London: Prentice Hall).

  • Sarada, G., Maheswari, T.U., and Purushotham, K. (2001). Seasonal incidence and population fluctuation of fruit flies in mango and guava. Indian J. Entomol. 63, 272–276.

  • Segura, D.F., Vera, M.T., Cagnotti, C.L., Vaccaro, N., De Coll, O., Ovruski, S.M., and Cladera, J.L. (2006). Relative abundance of Ceratitis capitata and Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) in diverse host species and localities of Argentina. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 99(1), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2006)099[0070:RAOCCA]2.0.CO;2.

  • Shukla, R.P., and Prasad, V.G. (1985). Population fluctuations of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, in relation to hosts and abiotic factors. Trop. Pest Mgt. 31, 273–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670878509370999.

  • Tan, K., and Serit, M. (1994). Adult population dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in relation to host phenology and weather in two villages of Penang Island, Malaysia. Environ. Entomol. 23, 267–275. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/23.2.267.

  • Uchida, G.K., Walsh, W.A., Encarnacion, C., Vargas, R.I., Stark, J.D., Beardsleyn, J.W., and McInnis, D.O. (1996). Design and relative efficiency of Mediterranean fruit fly. J. Econ. Entomol. 89(5), 1137–1142. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/89.5.1137.

  • Vargas, R.I., Stark, J.D., Uchida, G.K., and Purcell, M. (1993). Opiine parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Kauai island, Hawaii: Island wide relative abundance and parasitism rates in wild and orchard guava habitats. Environm. Entomol. 22, 246–253. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/22.1.246.

  • Vayssières, J.F., Goergen, G., Lokossou, O., Dossa, P., and Akponon, C. (2005). A new Bactrocera species in Benin among mango fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species. Fruits 60, 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1051/fruits:2005042.

  • Vayssières, J.F., Korie, S., Temple, L., and Boueyi, S.P. (2008). The mango tree in central and northern Benin: cultivar inventory, yield assessment, infested stages and loss due to fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Fruits 63, 335–348. https://doi.org/10.1051/fruits:2008035.

  • Vayssières, J.F., Korie, S., and Ayegnon, D. (2009). Correlation of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) infestation of major mango cultivars in Borgou (Benin) with abiotic and biotic factors and assessment of damage. Crop Prot. 28(6), 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2009.01.010.

  • Vayssières, J.F., Sinzogan, A., Adandonon, A., Rey, J.Y., Dieng, E.O., Camara, K., Sangaré, M., Ouedraogo, S., Hala, N., Sidibé, A., Keita, Y., Gogovor, G., Korie, S., Coulibaly Kikissagbe, C., Toussou, A., Bilah, M., Biney, K., Nobime, O., Diatta, P., N’dépo, R., Noussourou, M., Traoré, L., Saizonou, S., and Tamo, M. (2014). Annual population dynamics of mango fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in West Africa: Socio-economic aspects, host phenology and implications for management). Fruits 69, 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2014011.

  • Vayssières, J.F., De Meyer, M., Ouagoussounon, M., Sinzogan, A., Adandonon, A., Korie, S., Wargui, R., Anato, F., Houngbo, H., Didier, C., De Bon, H., and Goergen, G. (2015). Seasonal abundance of mango fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and ecological implications for their management in mango and cashew orchards in Benin (Centre & North). J. Econ. Entomol. 108(5), 2213–2230. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tov143.

  • Virgilio, M., White, I., and De Meyer, M. (2014). A set of multi-entry identification keys to African frugivorous flies (Diptera, Tephritidae). ZooKeys, 428, 97–108. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.428.7366.

  • Virgilio, M., Manrakhan, A., Delatte, H., Daneel, J.-H., Mwatawala, M., Meganck, K., Barr, N., and De Meyer, M. (2017). The complex case of Ceratitis cosyra (Diptera, Tephritidae) and relatives. A DNA barcoding perspective. J. Appl. Entomol. 141(10), 788–797. https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.12379.

Received: 2 February 2018 | Accepted: 16 May 2018 | Published: 23 July 2018 | Available online: 23 July 2018

previous article     Volume 73 issue 4     next article