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Abstract: Many investigators have,studied on ethylene evolution by various higher plants. Research of ethylene, especially a very small amount of ethylene, became possible through the develoment of gas chromatograph. Action of ethylene in higher plants were observed in many quaters of plants physiology and the gas had a situation as a phytohormone (Abeles, 1973). And ethylene seems to be produced to some extent in every cell of higher plants judging from many reports. On the other hand, there is little research on ethylene production by lower plants such as fungi. In 1940, Miller et al. reported ethylene production from Penicillium digitatum Sacc. Since that time it has been reported that Penicillium digitatum: produced ethylene (Hall, 1951; Fergus, 1954; Wang, 1962; Gibson, 1964; Spalding et al., 1965; Ketring et al., 1968; Jacobson et al., 1968; Chou et al., 1973; Chalutz et al., 1977), and also that soil bacteria (Smith, 1976) and Escherichia coli (Primrose et al., 1976) produced ethylene. And otherwise ethylene production was shown by Pseudomonas solunacearum (Freebrairn et al., 1964) and Mucor hiemalis (Lynch 1972, 1974). On Basidiomycetes, Lockard and Kneebone (1962) detected ethylene as one gas in the air space by using Agaricus bisporus but they did not put the production concretely in their data. Ilag and Curtis (1968) indicated the six species of Agaricales in Basidiomycetes produced ethylene. It was not clear, however, how much.ethylene produced by the fungi in their paper. The emphasis of studies on ethylene in higher plants, judging from many data, is as follows; 1) ethylene production, 2) physiology of ethylene, 3) biochemistry of ethylene evolution and 4) mechanism of ethylene biogenesis. Investigation with P. digitatum are only 1) ethylene formation and 2) precursor for ethylene. Physiology of ethylene for fuhgi is obscure. On the contrary, there is hardly research in detail on ethylene production by Basidiomycetes and on its precursor. Lieberman et al. (1965 ) have studied on precursor for ethylene in higher plants and have demonstrated the effect of methionine on ethylene formation as a precursor. Since that time, Yang et al.(1966), Ku et al. (1967), Burg et al. (1967), and Mapson et al. (1977) examined the effect of methionine on ethylene formation in higher plants. Methionine, however, did not influence upon ethylene production in P. digitatum (Owens et al., 1971). For P. digitatum, the carbon source required for ethylene production was studied by Fergus (1954) and Gibson (1966); glucose influenced on ethylene formation. And also Yang et al.( 1966 ) reported that acetate, pyruvate and malate had an effect on ethylene production in P. digitatum. Owens et al. (1965a, b) discovered rhizobitoxine from Rhizobium japonicum (strain #38,61,73,76) and Owens et al. (1971) reported that the phytotoxin inhibited ethyelen formation frcan methionine in higher plants. The toxin, however, did not prevent methionine biosynthesis in higher plants. On the other hand, tne rhizobitoxine did not hinder ethylene formation in P. digitatum. Judging from these results, ethylene production by higher plants and P. digitatum was considered as follows; 1) higher plants can use methionine as a precursor for ethylene, but P. digitatum cannot do so, and 2); rhizobitoxine inhibits ethylene production in higher plants but the toxin does not prevent it in the fungus. On the contrary, Chalutz et al. reported in 1977 that methionine had influence upon ethylene formation in P. digitatum as well as higher plants. The results showed that P. digitatum and higher plants had a common precursor for ethylene under the some conditions. From these results, P. digitatum may be considered the same as higher plants with respect to ethylene problems. On these points of Basidiomycetes, however, it is not clear in detail. Nakazawa et al.' (1977, 1978)reported the ethylene production by several species of Basidiomycetes cultured with sawdust medium. The present paper is to show the effect of methionine on ethylene formation and the influence of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and cycloheximide'upon the ethylene production by Basidiomycetes cultured with liquid medium and to discuss whether or not the ethylene production has the biological or enzymatic process.
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